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最新的 CIPS Level 4 Diploma in Procurement and Supply L4M2 免費考試真題 (Q15-Q20):

問題 #15
What are the typical purposes of specifications in procurement and supply? Select TWO that apply.

A. To provide a means of evaluating the quality or conformance

B. To define the bargaining strength of the buyer

C. To provide supplier appraisal and selection

D. To minimise the bargaining strength of the supplier

E. To define the requirements

答案：A,E

解題說明：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (paraphrased from CIPS L4M2 content) CIPS L4M2 explains that specifications in procurement serve several fundamental purposes, including:
* Defining the requirement clearly - so that all stakeholders (user, buyer, supplier) have a shared understanding of what is needed.
* Forming the technical basis for contracts and orders - what is being purchased.
* Providing measurable criteria to assess quality and conformance - what will be inspected and tested.
Therefore:
* A. To define the requirements - correct. This is one of the primary roles of a specification.
* D. To provide a means of evaluating the quality or conformance - correct. Specifications set the criteria against which delivered goods/services are checked.
The other options do not reflect the core role of specifications:
* B. Supplier appraisal and selection - this uses specifications indirectly but supplier appraisal is a separate process (using financial, capability, and performance criteria).
* C. Define the bargaining strength of the buyer - bargaining strength is shaped by market structure and spend, not by the specification itself.
* E. Minimise the bargaining strength of the supplier - not an explicit purpose of specification, and could actually backfire (e.g. over-specification reducing competition).
Relevant CIPS L4M2 areas:
* Purpose and role of specifications in the procurement cycle
* Specification as a basis for quality assurance and contract management
* Links between specification and supplier evaluation

問題 #16
Andrew is responsible for procurement of capital assets at Lumber Ltd. He is devising new business case for the purchase of a new band saw. The purchase price of the saw is $50,000. Andrew estimates that the machine will generate $10,000 per year of net cash flow. What is the payback period of this band saw?

A. 3 years

B. 10 years

C. 5 years

D. 4 years

答案：C

解題說明：
Payback period is the time in which the initial outlay of an investment is expected to be recovered through the cash inflows generated by the investment. It is one of the simplest investment apprais-al techniques.
Since cash flow estimates are quite accurate for periods in the near future and relatively inaccurate for periods in distant future due to economic and operational uncertainties, payback period is an indicator of risk inherent in a project because it takes initial inflows into account and ignores the cash flows after the point at which the initial investment is recovered.
The formula to calculate the payback period of an investment depends on whether the periodic cash inflows from the project are even or uneven.
If the cash inflows are even (such as for investments in annuities), the formula to calculate payback period is:
Payback Period = Initial Investment / Net Cash Flow per Period
When cash inflows are uneven, we need to calculate the cumulative net cash flow for each period and then use the following formula:
Payback Period =A + (B/C)
Where,
A is the last period number with a negative cumulative cash flow;
B is the absolute value (i.e. value without negative sign) of cumulative net cash flow at the end of the period A; and C is the total cash inflow during the period following period A Cumulative net cash flow is the sum of inflows to date, minus the initial outflow.
Reference:
- Payback Period | Formulas, Calculation & Examples (xplaind.com)
- CIPS study guide page 44-47
LO 1, AC 1.3

問題 #17
Ranjit is purchasing a large piece of laboratory equipment which is brand new to the market. Can this be classified as a straight re-buy?

A. Yes, as the equipment is available from a supplier used in the past

B. No, as a standing purchase agreement exists

C. No, as this has not been specified or sourced before

D. Yes, as there is an existing specification

答案：C

解題說明：
Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (paraphrased from CIPS L4M2 content) CIPS uses the classic buying situation model:
* New buy - first time the item is purchased; high information need and perceived risk.
* Straight re-buy - routine repurchase of a product that has been bought before and is well-known.
* Modified re-buy - a repeat purchase with some changes (e.g. spec, price, supplier).
Here, the equipment is brand new to market, meaning:
* It has not been purchased before by the organisation.
* There is no previous sourcing history for this specific product, so it cannot be a straight re-buy.
Thus:
* Option D is correct - it is not a straight re-buy because it has not been specified or sourced before.
* Option A is incorrect - even if the supplier has been used before, the product is new.
* Option B - there cannot be an "existing specification" for something new to the market; if there is, it would be a modified or straight re-buy, not a new product situation.
* Option C - a standing purchase agreement would imply established purchasing arrangements: that contradicts "brand new to market".
Relevant CIPS L4M2 areas:
* Buying situations: new buy, straight re-buy, modified re-buy
* Implications for information gathering, evaluation and risk
* How new products affect sourcing and market management

問題 #18
Why is the specification considered as the most important document in procurement?

A. It provides a mean to appraise the performance of supplier

B. It always shifts the balance of bargaining power in favour of the buyer

C. It helps the buyer to gain at supplier's loss

D. It eliminates all possible supply risks

答案：A

解題說明：
Specification is the most important document in procurement because it sets out the quality which supplier must provide. If there is no spec or the spec lacks clarity and details, supplier's perfor-mance may vary and possibly lower than actual requirements. This puts the buyer at risks. On the other hand, if the spec is clear and detailed, the supplier is liable to provide 'fit for purpose' products or perform the service at required level of quality. This will ensure that the buyer achieve 'Right Quality'.

問題 #19
A procurement manager consolidates the company expense on printing and office supplies into broader range of spend category. Other senior managers are concerned that it may increase company's spend. Is that concern justified?

A. Yes, because the consolidation may create a large contract that costs more than placing each purchase order

B. Yes, because the suppliers can't provide a broader range of products and they will fail to deliver

C. No, because the consolidation will help the supplier to shorten deliver time.

D. No, because the broader range of spend category can increase the value of the contract and the buyer may get volume discount

答案：D

解題說明：
Printing and office supplies are often considered as low risk, low value items. Consolidation low value, low risk items into a broader range will dramatically increases the value of the contract and leverage of buying organisation in the negotiation.
Reference: CIPS study guide page 8-9
LO 1, AC 1.1

問題 #20
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